Fig. 3

Intracellular Aβ concentrations under normal and pathological conditions. The intracellular Aβ concentration C_S3 displays oscillatory behaviors depending on the parameters. The basal value of Aβ generation rate constant (i.e., β = β⁽⁰⁾) has been used for the normal condition while β = 100 × β⁽⁰⁾ has been used for the early stage AD. For the late stage AD, the specific rate constants of autolysosome formation and intralysosomal hydrolysis have been set equal to r_l3 = 0.1 × r_l3⁽⁰⁾ and r_h3 = 0.1 × r_h3⁽⁰⁾, retaining the high Aβ generation rate as the early state AD. The results in the second column were obtained under 20-fold increase in the autophagosome formation rate constant (r_g3 = 20 × r_g3⁽⁰⁾) with others the same as those in the first column